Cognitive Development Theory Piaget vs. Vygotsky

Cognitive Development Theory: Piaget and Vygotsky Why is it that a four year old thinks there is more of water in a tall narrow glass than there is in a short broader glass, when both glasses contain the same amount of water? The answer can be found if one determines the childs developmental level of cognition. In exploring the concept of cognitive development, two names are sure to come up, Piaget and Vygotsky. Cognitive development theory was first coined by Jean Piaget as a biological approach to child learning. Cognitive development theory states that cognitive development can be defined as a process of gradual and orderly changes in a persons brain and behavior that take place throughout childhood and beyond, that make a†¦show more content†¦Too easy a task, and a child is already competent in the task, hence no learning occurs. Too difficult a task, and no level of aid can help the child learn the task, so no learning occurs. During scaffolding, an individual ta kes information from the environment and repeats that information to themselves, (whether vocally or mentally), in order to internalize and use that information to solve the problem. This process is called private speech (Slavin, 2006). For Vygotsky, learning sign systems and self-regulation is the root of intelligence. Private speech and scaffolding within a childs ZPD are the mechanisms by which intelligence is affected. The next issue separating the two theorists is the aspect of stages of cognitive development. Although, both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that there was a natural progression in development from child to adult, the similarities end there. Piaget believed that there are four stages in cognitive development that occur in certain age ranges. It is possible however for different children of the same age to operate at different levels of cognitive development, and some children may exhibit aspects of more than one stage - especially when in transition between stages of development (Slavin, 2006). What always holds true for Piaget however is that an individual passes through these four stages, in order, through their lifetime. TheShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory On Children s Cognitive Development1507 Words   |  7 Pagespsychologists, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, have shared their knowledge on children’s cognitive development. Both psychologists had their own vision of what stimulates and helps a child grow. Jean Piaget s theory was shaped through the thinking and understanding of how knowledge is built through a series of four stages; preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational and concrete operational. He believed that the development was with the child themselves. On the contrary, Lev Vygotsky s theory is shapedRead MorePiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesCompare Two Famous Educators: Piaget vs. Vygotsky Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, both traditionalRead MorePiaget v. Vygotsky838 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget vs. Vygotsky Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky have had a huge impact on learning and teaching methods. Although they have different views on how children learn, they both suggest helpful methods of teaching. Piaget and Vygotsky both focus on the idea of constructivism. Constructivist theories believe learning includes real-world situations, language, interaction, and collaboration with others. Piaget believed in cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky believed in social constructivismRead MoreA Comparison of Theorists989 Words   |  4 PagesEducation. Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are two of the many theorists that benefit the teachers and parents to comprehend their children learning development. The paper will compare the two theorists and their difference of their cognitive development. Jean Piaget vs. Lev Vygotsky Jean Piaget cognitive development theory explained the changes of logical thinking of children and adolescent. Piaget suggested that children advance four stages based on maturity and experience. Piaget suggested... 1Read MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget once asked, â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known?† With there being so many theoriest whose research and ideas have made an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidenceRead MoreCognitive Theory Vs Vygotsky774 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget (Discontinuous Theory) vs. Vygotsky (Continuous Theory) Hildie B. Ericksen Piaget (Discontinuous Theory) vs. Vygotsky (Continuous Theory)   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Discontinuous Classic Stage Theory Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory describes four stages of human development which he described as naturally emerging reasoning and development. The first two stages can be described as sensori-motor development. In all stages of development, the child learns toRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MorePiaget Of The Child : Theories Of Development Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Study of the Child: Theories of Development I† (Learning Seed, 1997), according to Vygotsky, the cognitive development in children is in direct relationship, and dependent on interaction with others. (Feldman 2010, pg. 20). Vygotsky believed to truly understand cognitive development; a child’s social and cultural experiences must be considered. Piaget believes theorists that focus on the mind are called cognitive theorists. Piaget was most interested in how children think. Piaget describes stagesRead MoreCognitive Control And Social Control Essay897 Words   |  4 Pageswhen it comes to adolescence: cognitive control and social control. The cognitive control focuses more on supervisory functions such as our working memory, decision making, self-consciousness, and attention distribution; while, the social control supports the individual being more sociable, forming more complex relationships and becoming more sensitive to acceptance and rejection by others (Steinberg, L. Morris, A. S., 2001). The adolescence period of development begins with the onset of physiologicallyRead MoreWhat is Cognitive Development Theory?1823 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive development is best described as how a persons thought process develops, and how these thought processes impact how we comprehend and interact in the world (Cherry, 2014). As a person progresses through life from childhood to adulthood, the manner to which they take in knowledge and mature is the basic theory of cognitive development. There are many different opinions and theories to cognitive development, but through each of these there are three things that are always constant; 1

Essay about Is Thérèse Raquin a Naturalist Novel

Is Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin a Naturalist novel? Émile Zola is often considered the chief literary theorist of the Naturalist movement and so one would assume that his creative offspring, including the novel Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin, would display the traits of the genre. Zola may be responsible for many of the conventions that one would associate with Naturalism and so naturally you could extend this logic to argue that his work defines the genre. To the modern reader, Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin appears anything but naturalistic with a dramatic, fast moving plot that boasts murder, adultery and revenge that almost becomes synthetic in places. However, for the sake of this essay, I must decide upon a firm definition for Naturalism, in its correct historical context, in†¦show more content†¦Controversy may be viewed as another defining characteristic of the Naturalistic genre and if we are to consider Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin in its correct historical context (1867), it is not difficult to understand why it caused much scandal due to Zola’s honest and uncompromising exploration of the darkest aspects of human existence. One critic, Louis Ulbach, wrote in Le Figaro in January 1868 that the novel was â€Å"a pool of mud and blood† and was a perfect example of â€Å"the utter filth that is contemporary literature†. It is the disposition of the Naturalist writer that assumes an amoral attitude to the plot and acts somewhat as a voyeur rather than a judge. Personally I view Franà §ois, the same cat over which many critics and scholars speculate as to whether it is the cat in Manet’s portrait Olympia, as somewhat of a metaphor for the Naturalist author. Franà §ois is present in many of the most climatic and socking scenes, most notably the passionate scene of Camille’s murder, and remains detached but also demands some sort of presence so much so that Laurent becomes frightened and wants to â€Å"kill the beast† as he remarks how â€Å"human† it looks. The fact that Laurent almost personifies the cat may suggest that animal and man are alike in the very basic sense of instinct. I think that the Naturalist author assumes a similar stance to this cat as he remains a quiet and unbiased thirdShow MoreRelatedNaturalism Literary Period2601 Words   |  11 PagesNaturalist writing portrays individuality within a character allowing one to obtain humanistic themes from these literary works. Naturalists utilize mundane monotonous lives and reveal the heroine within, when all (environment, opportunities, intuition) seems out of control. This type of literature was found relatable during the rapid urbanization and naturalization after the Civil War, where many in bustling developing cities suffered from poverty and its poorly prevented consequences. The American

Cost Accounting Adelaide Brighton Cement - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1. Discuss various approaches to performance evaluation and control in various types of organisations. 2. Devise and evaluate simple indicators of performance. 3. Critically evaluate the uses of managerial accounting information for strategic decision making in various business contexts. Answers: Introduction Companys name: The name of the organisation selected to fit the purpose of this report is Adelaide Brighton Cement. Establishment year: The organisation has initiated its journey on 12th December 1982, in which 30 guests have been invited in the opening. Vision and mission: The vision of Adelaide Brighton Cement is to become the highly preferred provider of cement and other mineral products for the staffs of the organisation along with immediate families (Adelaidebrighton.com.au 2017). The mission of Adelaide Brighton Cement is to become the highly preferred provider of cement and other mineral products and in accomplishing financial security and well-being by providing a group of pertinent, competitively priced savings and lending services. Managerial highlights: The managerial highlights of Adelaide Brighton Cement have been represented below in the form of a figure. Figure 1: Managerial highlights of Adelaide Brighton Cement for 2015 and 2016 (Source: Adelaidebrighton.com.au 2017) From the above figure, it is inherent that the net revenue of the organisation has declined in 2016 due to increase in amortisation, depreciation and impairments. Due to this, there is fall in overall net income of the organisation. As a result, the earnings per share have declined in 2016, which has resulted in less distribution of dividend in the same year. Products focused: Adelaide Brighton Cement is a manufacturer of Australia of lime, cement and dry blended products. The distribution and manufacturing facilities of the organisation are in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Fyansford and the Northern Territory. Line function and staff function: In case of Adelaide Brighton Cement, there is installation of a new management team that has helped in redefining the philosophy of the organisation along with a staff policy and customer care. The organisation has reorganised the structures of management and personnel and it has undertaken an intensive management training system along with new recruitment approaches and initiation of staff induction (Bebbington and Larrinaga 2014). In addition, an excellence program has been designed for motivating as well as rewarding staffs along with training in merchandise knowledge to increase the sophistication of the manufacturing sales force. This has helped in increasing the satisfaction level of the customers. Value chain of Adelaide Brighton Cement: The three major value development functions associated with delivering the promises of the organisation are described as follows: In-bound logistics: As Adelaide Brighton Cement is primarily a manufacturer, it produces the products that it sells (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). In addition, it controls the network of distribution of its products. Within this function, two important activities are evident that contribute to the firm, which include logistics and procurement. The products of the organisation are transferred directly to the regional or national centre of distribution, in which quality certification is carried out for transporting directly to the stores. Along with this, Adelaide Brighton Cement is involved in owning and operating each truck and centres of distribution associated with the network of distribution. This has placed the organisation in a favourable position in preventing strikes of the workers along with enabling higher control to assure the shipment punctuality (Burritt and Schaltegger 2014). Operations: The operations of Adelaide Brighton Cement are engaged in two major activities, which assure the convenience of the customers and value including quality assessment and inventory management. When the stock arrives at the retail store and placed on display, the constant checks are made in detecting and removing defective products. In addition, minimum presentation level (MPL) is present for each stock keeping unit (SKU). The technology related to sophisticated point of sale helps in tracking the number of SKUs sold for a certain product. If the level of stock goes down the MPL, an order of re-stocking has been dispatched to the centre of distribution (Carmona, Ezzamel and Gutirrez 2016). Finally, the organisation utilises a program of advanced forecasting in anticipating future changes in demand because of environmental factors like economic trends or seasonal changes. Sales and marketing: Organisational dynamism is the primary activity involved in raising sales along with enabling the organisation to compete effectively. Adelaide Brighton Cement holds weekly specials for increasing short-term sales of particular products, in which there is minimisation of the item prices by a greater percent (Christ and Burritt 2015). The sales catalogues are distributed for supplementing this initiative to provide information to the customers. In addition, there is appointment of a special market research team that would help in identifying the changing tastes and preferences of the customers in the market. Process of planning in Adelaide Brighton Cement for three issues: Types of business strategies adopted: The following are the two types of business strategies that Adelaide Brighton Cement has adopted to compete in the Australian manufacturing sector: Growth strategy: In the words of Collier (2015), a growth strategy encompasses the initiation of new products or including new features to the current products. This is necessary for keeping up with the existing level of competition. Adelaide Brighton Cement has adopted a growth strategy in order to find new market for launching its products. For instance, it might discover with the help of market research that the industrial workers like its products. Hence, in addition to selling products in the stores, it packages the same in bigger containers for plant and factory workers. Product differentiation strategy: It has been observed that the organisations often use the strategy of product differentiation when competitive supremacy is obtained like superior quality products or services (Drury 2013). In case of Adelaide Brighton Cement, it has set apart from the rivals with its superior engineering design. With the help of this strategy, the organisation has been able to develop brand loyalty by attracting new customers as well as retaining the existing ones. Positioning of the organisation among other existing competitors and potential rivals: As commented by Fleischman and Parker (2017), market segmentation concentrates on division of a market into segments or groups within diverse wants and needs. The customers within a particular segment of market are identical to each other in terms of wants and needs and varying from the customers in the other segments of the market. The organisations and customers are involved in buying as well as using the products provided in the organisation at any time of the year. Since these products are used at any point of time in a period, the customers might not devote additional time on selecting and contrasting the product quality of the organisation, as these products are easily substitutable (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener 2013). In addition, with the growing popularity of the online business over the years, Adelaide Brighton Cement has focused on the online B2C market. Finally, the organisation has positioned itself in order to attract the growing market of China. Information needed for manufacturing and/ or selling budgeting: As commented by Holzhacker, Krishnan and Mahlendorf (2015), a manufacturer develops a budget for tracking along with recording the expenditures of a specific product. In order to prepare manufacturing or selling budget, Adelaide Brighton Cement needs the following information: Direct material budget: This budget would take into account the raw materials required for each product, the budgeted initial and closing inventory, costs of raw materials and the number of units to be manufactured. Direct labour budget: This budget calculates the number of labour hours need by multiplying the number of units to be produced through the projected number of hours needed to produce each unit. The overall number of hours required could be multiplied afterwards by the projected hourly labour cost to determine the overall budgeted labour cost (Lavia Lpez and Hiebl 2014). Overhead budget: The budget of overhead divides overhead cost into variable and fixed overheads. The units manufactured are multiplied the variable overhead and then the fixed overhead is added. This overall projected overhead could be utilised to estimate the future production costs. Process of controlling in Adelaide Brighton Cement for three issues: Way of monitoring the manufacturing and/ or selling plans: As pointed out by Moorthy and Yacob (2013), the monitoring and assessment of progress form the basis for continual improvement in a manufacturing organisation. With the help of monitoring, the accuracy of inputs and estimations from the evaluation utilised to ser the strategic direction could be identified. In addition, it is necessary to assure that there is implementation of plan in an effective fashion for aligning productivity and profitability with the predetermined targets after accounting for changes in pasture growth, prices of the market and variable costs (Nielsen, Mitchell and Nrreklit 2015). Ways of implementing balanced scorecard in the performance management system of Adelaide Brighton Cement: The following ways could be adopted on the part of Adelaide Brighton Cement in its performance management system for implementing the balanced scorecard: Firstly, the organisation needs to form a core group comprising of senior executives from each department to be developed with managing director as chairperson and strategy officer as project manager for preparing the detailed plan. Secondly, the firm needs to finalise a strategy map along with placing the same into the perspectives of balanced scorecard for forming the cause-effect association among these strategies. Thirdly, Adelaide Brighton Cement needs to translate the strategy into operational language in the form of strategic measures or key measures of performance for effective interpretation of the employees and executives. Fourthly, the organisation needs to carry out critical evaluation of the current processes and sub-processes, expected output along with identifying the measures of potential performance. After that, these measures need to be evaluated for assessing the impact or association with knowledge performance management in balanced scorecard approach. Fifthly, after the preparation of the departmental balanced scorecards, the individual scorecards of the executives in every department are to be developed with individual activities. Sixthly, gap analysis needs to be conducted, in which various gaps could be evaluated like gap over standard, gap over internal best performance, gap over benchmark, gap over customer needs along with stretching the target around these gaps. Finally, the organisation needs to review the implementation process so that corrective actions could be taken, if any discrepancy is found. Two situations in which decision-making is presented in Adelaide Brighton Cement: The two situations in which decision-making are presented in the organisation are discussed briefly as follows: The organisation produces products directly and hence, it undertakes make decision. In order to make products, it includes expenditures associated with the purchase and maintenance of product equipment and the cost of materials of production. Additional costs include the extra labour needed to produce items and storage needs (Rieckhof, Bergmann and Guenther 2015). Adelaide Brighton Cement is involved in making global expansion. In order to expand globally, the organisation conducts adequate market research and uses the local knowledge to know about the foreign market trends along with changes in the tastes and preferences of the customers (Smith 2017). Summary of interested findings and any recommendation/ prediction: Three significant points of discussion in the report: The major three significant discussion points identified from the report are described as follows: Adelaide Brighton Cement controls the network of distribution of its products. Within this function, two important activities are evident that contribute to the firm, which include logistics and procurement. With the help of monitoring, the accuracy of inputs and estimations from the evaluation utilised to ser the strategic direction could be identified. The organisation produces products directly and hence, it undertakes make decision. In order to make products, it includes expenditures associated with the purchase and maintenance of product equipment and the cost of materials of production. Recommendation or forecast of Adelaide Brighton Cement: The following recommendations could be extremely beneficial for Adelaide Brighton Cement: The organisation needs to modify its product lines in the Australian market in order to cope up with the falling demand and declining revenues. It needs to find new suppliers in the market for obtaining basic raw materials at cheaper cost while ensuring superior quality. The organisation needs to penetrate deeper into the emerging Asian markets like China, as the potential for success is increasing in these markets. References: Adelaidebrighton.com.au. (2017).Adelaide Brighton Cement. [online] Adelaide Brighton Cement. Available at: https://www.adelaidebrighton.com.au/ [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017]. Bebbington, J. and Larrinaga, C., 2014. Accounting and sustainable development: An exploration.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), pp.395-413. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Burritt, R. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Accounting towards sustainability in production and supply chains.The British Accounting Review,46(4), pp.327-343. Carmona, S., Ezzamel, M. and Gutirrez, F., 2016. Accounting history research: traditional and new accounting history perspectives.De Computis-Revista Espaola de Historia de la Contabilidad,1(1), pp.24-53. Christ, K.L. and Burritt, R.L., 2015. Material flow cost accounting: a review and agenda for future research.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.1378-1389. Collier, P.M., 2015.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Drury, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Fleischman, R.K. and Parker, L.D., 2017.What is Past is Prologue: Cost Accounting in the British Industrial Revolution, 1760-1850(Vol. 6). Routledge. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2013. Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(1), pp.50-71. Holzhacker, M., Krishnan, R. and Mahlendorf, M.D., 2015. The impact of changes in regulation on cost behavior.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(2), pp.534-566. Lavia Lpez, O. and Hiebl, M.R., 2014. Management accounting in small and medium-sized enterprises: current knowledge and avenues for further research.Journal of Management Accounting Research,27(1), pp.81-119. Moorthy, K. and Yacob, P., 2013. Green accounting: Cost measures.Open Journal of Accounting,2(01), p.4. Nielsen, L.B., Mitchell, F. and Nrreklit, H., 2015, March. Management accounting and decision making: Two case studies of outsourcing. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 64-82). Elsevier. Rieckhof, R., Bergmann, A. and Guenther, E., 2015. Interrelating material flow cost accounting with management control systems to introduce resource efficiency into strategy.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.1262-1278. Smith, M., 2017.Research methods in accounting. Sage.